microcontroller (MCU for unit) is a small computer on single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. A contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash OTP ROM also often included chip, as well amount RAM. Microcontrollers are designed embedded applications, contrast to microprocessors used personal computers other general purpose applications consisting various discrete chips. In modern terminology, similar to, but less sophisticated than, system chip (SoC). An SoC may include its components, usually integrates it advanced peripherals like graphics processing unit (GPU), Wi-Fi module, coprocessors. automatically controlled products devices, such automobile engine control systems, implantable medical remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys systems. By reducing size cost compared design that uses separate microprocessor, memory, microcontrollers make economical digitally even devices processes. Mixed signal common, integrating analog components needed non-digital electronic context internet things, an popular means data collection, sensing actuating physical world edge devices. Some use four-bit words operate at frequencies low 4 kHz consumption (single-digit milliwatts microwatts). They generally have ability retain functionality while waiting event button press interrupt; sleeping (CPU clock most off) be just nanowatts, making many them suited long lasting battery applications. Other serve performance-critical roles, where they need act digital processor (DSP), higher speeds consumption.